31 research outputs found
Semantic and effective communications
Shannon and Weaver categorized communications into three levels of problems: the technical problem, which tries to answer the question "how accurately can the symbols of communication be transmitted?"; the semantic problem, which asks the question "how precisely do the transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning?"; the effectiveness problem, which strives to answer the question "how effectively does the received meaning affect conduct in the desired way?". Traditionally, communication technologies mainly addressed the technical problem, ignoring the semantics or the effectiveness problems.
Recently, there has been increasing interest to address the higher level semantic and effectiveness problems, with proposals ranging from semantic to goal oriented communications. In this thesis, we propose to formulate the semantic problem as a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) problem and the effectiveness problem as a multi-agent partially observable Markov decision process (MA-POMDP). As such, for the semantic problem, we propose DeepWiVe, the first-ever end-to-end JSCC video transmission scheme that leverages the power of deep neural networks (DNNs) to directly map video signals to channel symbols, combining video compression, channel coding, and modulation steps into a single neural transform. We also further show that it is possible to use predefined constellation designs as well as secure the physical layer communication against eavesdroppers for deep learning (DL) driven JSCC schemes, making such schemes much more viable for deployment in the real world.
For the effectiveness problem, we propose a novel formulation by considering multiple agents communicating over a noisy channel in order to achieve better coordination and cooperation in a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) framework. Specifically, we consider a MA-POMDP, in which the agents, in addition to interacting with the environment, can also communicate with each other over a noisy communication channel. The noisy communication channel is considered explicitly as part of the dynamics of the environment, and the message each agent sends is part of the action that the agent can take. As a result, the agents learn not only to collaborate with each other but also to communicate "effectively'' over a noisy channel. Moreover, we show that this framework generalizes both the semantic and technical problems. In both instances, we show that the resultant communication scheme is superior to one where the communication is considered separately from the underlying semantic or goal of the problem.Open Acces
Generative Joint Source-Channel Coding for Semantic Image Transmission
Recent works have shown that joint source-channel coding (JSCC) schemes using
deep neural networks (DNNs), called DeepJSCC, provide promising results in
wireless image transmission. However, these methods mostly focus on the
distortion of the reconstructed signals with respect to the input image, rather
than their perception by humans. However, focusing on traditional distortion
metrics alone does not necessarily result in high perceptual quality,
especially in extreme physical conditions, such as very low bandwidth
compression ratio (BCR) and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes. In this
work, we propose two novel JSCC schemes that leverage the perceptual quality of
deep generative models (DGMs) for wireless image transmission, namely
InverseJSCC and GenerativeJSCC. While the former is an inverse problem approach
to DeepJSCC, the latter is an end-to-end optimized JSCC scheme. In both, we
optimize a weighted sum of mean squared error (MSE) and learned perceptual
image patch similarity (LPIPS) losses, which capture more semantic similarities
than other distortion metrics. InverseJSCC performs denoising on the distorted
reconstructions of a DeepJSCC model by solving an inverse optimization problem
using style-based generative adversarial network (StyleGAN). Our simulation
results show that InverseJSCC significantly improves the state-of-the-art
(SotA) DeepJSCC in terms of perceptual quality in edge cases. In
GenerativeJSCC, we carry out end-to-end training of an encoder and a
StyleGAN-based decoder, and show that GenerativeJSCC significantly outperforms
DeepJSCC both in terms of distortion and perceptual quality.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure
Additional file 3 of The risk of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study
Additional file 3: Figure S2. Subgroup analysis of forest plot of HR for SGLT2i versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) among patients with T2D after PSM. Subgroup analysis revealed that use of SGLT2i was associated with a lower risk of new-onset AF compared with use of DPP4i across most subgroups. Use of SGLT2i was associated with greater reductions in new-onset AF events in subgroup including those without concomitant use of sulfonylurea when compared with GLP-1RA (P interaction < 0.01)